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What is the net yield of ATP molecules produced in one cycle of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? Show the detailed steps of how the ATP molecules are generated from the electron transport chain.

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The net yield of ATP molecules produced in one cycle of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation can be calculated by considering the following steps:1. Citric Acid Cycle  also known as Krebs cycle or TCA cycle : In one cycle of the citric acid cycle, 1 ATP molecule is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation. Additionally, the cycle generates 3 NADH molecules and 1 FADH2 molecule.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation: This process includes the electron transport chain  ETC  and chemiosmosis. The NADH and FADH2 molecules produced in the citric acid cycle are used to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.Detailed steps of ATP generation from the electron transport chain:a. NADH generated in the citric acid cycle donates its electrons to Complex I  NADH dehydrogenase  of the ETC. This results in the pumping of 4 protons  H+  across the inner mitochondrial membrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space.b. FADH2 donates its electrons to Complex II  succinate dehydrogenase  of the ETC. However, no protons are pumped across the membrane at this step.c. Electrons from both Complex I and II are transferred to Complex III  cytochrome bc1 complex  via the mobile electron carrier ubiquinone  Q . This results in the pumping of 4 more protons across the membrane.d. Electrons from Complex III are transferred to Complex IV  cytochrome c oxidase  via the mobile electron carrier cytochrome c. This results in the pumping of 2 more protons across the membrane.e. Finally, electrons are transferred to oxygen  O2  at Complex IV, which is reduced to water  H2O .f. The protons pumped across the membrane create an electrochemical gradient  proton motive force  that drives ATP synthesis through the enzyme ATP synthase  Complex V  via chemiosmosis. The protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, which couples this flow to the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.Now, let's calculate the ATP yield:- Each NADH molecule generates 10 protons  4 from Complex I, 4 from Complex III, and 2 from Complex IV . Since 3 NADH molecules are produced in one cycle of the citric acid cycle, a total of 30 protons are generated.- Each FADH2 molecule generates 6 protons  4 from Complex III and 2 from Complex IV . Since 1 FADH2 molecule is produced in one cycle of the citric acid cycle, a total of 6 protons are generated.In total, 36 protons are generated from one cycle of the citric acid cycle. The ATP synthase uses the proton motive force to generate ATP, with a general stoichiometry of 1 ATP per 4 protons. Therefore, the oxidative phosphorylation process generates 36/4 = 9 ATP molecules.Considering the 1 ATP produced directly in the citric acid cycle, the net yield of ATP molecules produced in one cycle of the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation is 1 + 9 = 10 ATP molecules.
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