The electron transport chain ETC generates ATP during oxidative phosphorylation in the citric acid cycle through a series of redox reactions involving electron carrier molecules and the final electron acceptor, oxygen. This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells.During the citric acid cycle, high-energy electrons are transferred to electron carrier molecules, specifically nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ and flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD , which become reduced to NADH and FADH2, respectively. These reduced electron carriers then donate their high-energy electrons to the ETC.The ETC consists of four protein complexes Complex I-IV and two mobile electron carriers, ubiquinone Q and cytochrome c. The process begins with NADH transferring its electrons to Complex I NADH dehydrogenase , while FADH2 transfers its electrons to Complex II succinate dehydrogenase . These electrons are then passed through the chain via a series of redox reactions, from Complex I to ubiquinone, then to Complex III cytochrome bc1 complex , to cytochrome c, and finally to Complex IV cytochrome c oxidase .As electrons move through the ETC, protons H+ are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient known as the proton motive force. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP as protons flow back into the matrix through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which couples the flow of protons with the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. This process is called chemiosmosis.Oxygen plays a crucial role in the ETC as the final electron acceptor. At Complex IV, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen O2 , which is reduced to form water H2O . This step is essential because it ensures the continuous flow of electrons through the ETC, preventing the accumulation of electrons and maintaining the proton gradient necessary for ATP synthesis. Without oxygen, the ETC would cease to function, and ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation would be halted.