The addition of dopants to graphene can significantly alter its electrical conductivity by introducing charge carriers and modifying its electronic structure. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, is an excellent conductor of electricity due to its unique electronic properties, such as high electron mobility and a zero bandgap. However, its electrical properties can be further tuned by introducing dopants, which can either donate or accept electrons, creating n-type or p-type graphene, respectively.1. Nitrogen doping: Nitrogen has one more valence electron than carbon, so when it replaces a carbon atom in the graphene lattice, it donates an extra electron to the graphene sheet. This creates n-type graphene, which has an excess of negatively charged electrons. The increased electron density enhances the electrical conductivity of the graphene, making it a better conductor.2. Boron doping: Boron has one less valence electron than carbon, so when it replaces a carbon atom in the graphene lattice, it accepts an electron from the graphene sheet. This creates p-type graphene, which has an excess of positively charged holes. The increased hole density enhances the electrical conductivity of the graphene, making it a better conductor.3. Phosphorus doping: Phosphorus has five valence electrons, one more than carbon. When it replaces a carbon atom in the graphene lattice, it donates an extra electron to the graphene sheet, similar to nitrogen doping. This creates n-type graphene with an excess of negatively charged electrons, enhancing the electrical conductivity of the graphene.In summary, the addition of different dopants to graphene can significantly affect its electrical conductivity. Nitrogen and phosphorus doping create n-type graphene with enhanced electron density, while boron doping creates p-type graphene with enhanced hole density. These doped graphene materials can be used in various electronic applications, such as transistors, sensors, and energy storage devices, where tailored electrical properties are desired.