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Calculate the polarization of a copper-silver galvanic cell in which the concentration of copper ions is 0.5 M, the concentration of silver ions is 0.1 M, and the cell is operating at a temperature of 25°C. The potential difference of the cell is measured to be 0.75 V.

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To calculate the polarization of the copper-silver galvanic cell, we first need to determine the standard cell potential  E  for the cell. The half-cell reactions for copper and silver are:Cu aq  + 2e  Cu s   E Cu/Cu  = +0.34 VAg aq  + e  Ag s   E Ag/Ag  = +0.80 VThe overall cell reaction is:Cu aq  + 2Ag s   Cu s  + 2Ag aq The standard cell potential  E  for the cell is the difference between the standard reduction potentials of the two half-cells:E cell  = E Ag/Ag  - E Cu/Cu  = 0.80 V - 0.34 V = 0.46 VNow, we can use the Nernst equation to calculate the actual cell potential  E  under the given conditions:E = E -  RT/nF  * ln Q where R is the gas constant  8.314 J/molK , T is the temperature in Kelvin  25C + 273.15 = 298.15 K , n is the number of electrons transferred in the reaction  2 for this cell , F is the Faraday constant  96485 C/mol , and Q is the reaction quotient.For the reaction quotient  Q , we have:Q = [Ag]/[Cu] =  0.1 M / 0.5 M  = 0.02Now, we can plug in the values into the Nernst equation:E = 0.46 V -  8.314 J/molK * 298.15 K /  2 * 96485 C/mol   * ln 0.02 E  0.46 V - 0.0129 V * ln 0.02 E  0.46 V - 0.0129 V *  -3.912 E  0.46 V + 0.0505 VE  0.5105 VThe polarization of the cell is the difference between the measured potential difference and the calculated cell potential:Polarization = Measured potential - Calculated potentialPolarization = 0.75 V - 0.5105 VPolarization  0.2395 V

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