To determine the concentration of copper ions in a water sample accurately using voltammetry, follow these steps:1. Sample preparation: Collect a representative water sample and filter it to remove any suspended particles. If the sample has a high concentration of organic matter or other interfering substances, pretreat the sample with appropriate methods to minimize their effects on the voltammetric analysis.2. Electrode preparation: Clean and polish the working electrode usually a glassy carbon electrode or a mercury-based electrode to ensure a reproducible and sensitive response. The counter and reference electrodes should also be clean and properly functioning.3. Calibration: Prepare a series of standard solutions containing known concentrations of copper ions. Perform voltammetric measurements on each standard solution to obtain a calibration curve. This curve will be used to determine the concentration of copper ions in the water sample.4. Voltammetric analysis: Perform voltammetric measurements on the water sample using the same experimental conditions as for the calibration standards. This may involve using anodic stripping voltammetry ASV , cathodic stripping voltammetry CSV , or adsorptive stripping voltammetry AdSV depending on the specific method chosen.5. Data analysis: Record the peak current or peak potential obtained from the voltammetric measurement of the water sample. Compare this value to the calibration curve to determine the concentration of copper ions in the sample.6. Quality control: To ensure the accuracy of the results, perform replicate measurements on the water sample and compare the results to the calibration curve. Additionally, analyze a quality control sample with a known concentration of copper ions to verify the accuracy and precision of the method.By following these steps, you can accurately determine the concentration of copper ions in a water sample using voltammetry.