Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique used to determine the concentration of various elements, including copper, in a given water sample. The process involves measuring the current response as a function of the applied potential. To determine the concentration of copper in a water sample using voltammetry, follow these steps:1. Sample preparation: Collect the water sample and filter it to remove any suspended particles. If the sample has a high concentration of organic matter or other interfering substances, it may need to be pre-treated using appropriate methods such as acid digestion or UV irradiation.2. Electrode preparation: Clean and polish the working electrode usually a glassy carbon electrode or a mercury-based electrode to ensure a reproducible surface. The counter electrode e.g., platinum wire and the reference electrode e.g., Ag/AgCl should also be prepared.3. Calibration: Prepare a series of standard solutions containing known concentrations of copper. These solutions will be used to create a calibration curve, which will help determine the concentration of copper in the water sample.4. Voltammetric analysis: Perform voltammetric measurements on the standard solutions and the water sample using an appropriate voltammetric technique, such as anodic stripping voltammetry ASV or differential pulse voltammetry DPV . In ASV, the working electrode is first held at a negative potential to pre-concentrate the copper ions on the electrode surface. Then, the potential is swept in the positive direction, and the current response is measured as the copper ions are oxidized. In DPV, a series of potential pulses are applied to the working electrode, and the current response is measured at the end of each pulse.5. Data analysis: Plot the current response as a function of the applied potential for each standard solution and the water sample. The peak current corresponding to the oxidation of copper ions can be identified in these voltammograms. Create a calibration curve by plotting the peak current as a function of the known copper concentration in the standard solutions. Use this calibration curve to determine the concentration of copper in the water sample by interpolating the peak current obtained from the sample voltammogram.6. Quality control: To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results, perform appropriate quality control measures, such as analyzing a blank sample i.e., a sample without copper and a spiked sample i.e., a sample with a known added concentration of copper . Additionally, replicate measurements should be performed to assess the precision of the method.By following these steps, the concentration of copper in a given water sample can be determined using the technique of voltammetry.