To detect and quantify the level of pesticide residues in common food items and evaluate their potential impact on human health, we can use various analytical chemistry techniques. Some of the most commonly used methods include:1. Gas Chromatography GC : Gas chromatography is a widely used technique for the separation and analysis of volatile compounds, such as pesticides. GC can be coupled with different detectors, such as mass spectrometry GC-MS or electron capture detectors GC-ECD , to enhance its sensitivity and selectivity for pesticide residue analysis.2. Liquid Chromatography LC : Liquid chromatography is another separation technique that can be used for the analysis of pesticide residues in food samples. It is particularly useful for the analysis of polar and non-volatile compounds. Like GC, LC can be coupled with various detectors, such as mass spectrometry LC-MS or ultraviolet-visible UV-Vis detectors, to improve its analytical performance.3. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography HPLC : HPLC is a more advanced form of liquid chromatography that provides better separation and higher sensitivity. It is widely used for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. HPLC can be coupled with different detectors, such as diode array detectors DAD or mass spectrometry HPLC-MS , for enhanced detection and quantification of pesticide residues.4. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA : ELISA is a rapid and sensitive immunoassay technique that can be used for the detection and quantification of pesticide residues in food samples. It is based on the specific interaction between an antibody and its target analyte pesticide . ELISA kits are commercially available for various pesticides and can be used for screening purposes.5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR : FTIR is a non-destructive analytical technique that can be used for the rapid detection of pesticide residues in food samples. It is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by molecular vibrations in the sample. FTIR can provide qualitative and semi-quantitative information about the presence of pesticide residues in food items.To evaluate the potential impact of detected pesticide residues on human health, the obtained results can be compared with the established maximum residue limits MRLs set by regulatory agencies, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA or the European Food Safety Authority EFSA . If the detected levels of pesticide residues exceed the MRLs, it may indicate a potential risk to human health, and further investigation and risk assessment should be conducted.