There are several experimental techniques that can be used to identify the type of inorganic solid present in a given sample, such as ionic, covalent, or metallic. Some of these techniques include X-ray diffraction XRD , infrared IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electrical conductivity measurements. Here is a detailed explanation of each technique and its corresponding results:1. X-ray diffraction XRD : XRD is a powerful technique for determining the crystal structure of inorganic solids. By analyzing the diffraction pattern produced when a monochromatic X-ray beam interacts with the sample, one can deduce the arrangement of atoms within the crystal lattice. The diffraction pattern of an ionic solid will typically show sharp, well-defined peaks, indicating a regular arrangement of ions in the crystal lattice. Covalent solids, on the other hand, may show broad peaks or even an amorphous pattern, depending on the degree of crystallinity. Metallic solids will generally exhibit sharp peaks, but the pattern will be different from that of ionic solids due to the presence of a metallic lattice.2. Infrared IR spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy is a technique that measures the absorption of infrared radiation by a sample as a function of wavelength. The absorption bands in the IR spectrum can provide information about the types of chemical bonds present in the sample. Ionic solids typically do not have strong IR absorption bands, as the ions are held together by electrostatic forces rather than covalent bonds. Covalent solids, however, will exhibit characteristic absorption bands corresponding to the vibrational modes of the covalent bonds. Metallic solids generally do not show strong IR absorption bands, as the free electrons in the metallic lattice can effectively screen the electric field of the incident radiation.3. Raman spectroscopy: Raman spectroscopy is another vibrational spectroscopy technique that can provide information about the chemical bonds in a sample. It measures the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser source. Like IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy can be used to identify the presence of covalent bonds in a sample. However, Raman spectroscopy is also sensitive to the vibrational modes of ionic solids, making it a complementary technique to IR spectroscopy. Metallic solids typically exhibit weak Raman scattering due to the delocalized nature of the conduction electrons.4. Electrical conductivity measurements: The electrical conductivity of a sample can provide valuable information about its bonding nature. Ionic solids are typically insulators at room temperature, as the ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces and do not have free electrons to conduct electricity. However, they can become conductive at high temperatures or when dissolved in a suitable solvent. Covalent solids can be insulators, semiconductors, or conductors, depending on the nature of the covalent bonds and the presence of any impurities or defects in the crystal lattice. Metallic solids are good conductors of electricity due to the presence of a "sea" of delocalized electrons that can move freely throughout the lattice.By combining the results from these experimental techniques, one can determine the type of inorganic solid present in a given sample and gain valuable information about its bonding nature and crystal structure.