The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming practices has significant effects on soil health and water quality compared to non-chemical methods of sustainable agriculture.1. Soil Health:- Chemical fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, but they can also lead to soil degradation over time. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers can cause soil acidification, salinization, and a decrease in organic matter content. This can lead to a decline in soil fertility and structure, making it more susceptible to erosion and less able to retain water and nutrients.- In contrast, sustainable agriculture practices that rely on non-chemical methods, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and the use of organic fertilizers, help maintain and improve soil health. These practices increase organic matter content, improve soil structure, and promote a diverse and healthy population of soil microorganisms, which are essential for nutrient cycling and overall soil fertility.2. Water Quality:- The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming can lead to water pollution due to runoff and leaching. When these chemicals are applied in excessive amounts or during heavy rainfall, they can be carried away from the fields and into nearby water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, and groundwater. This can result in eutrophication, which is the excessive growth of algae due to high nutrient levels, leading to oxygen depletion and harm to aquatic life.- Pesticides can also contaminate water sources, posing risks to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. Some pesticides are toxic to aquatic organisms, while others can accumulate in the food chain, affecting organisms at higher trophic levels, including humans.- Sustainable agriculture practices that minimize or eliminate the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides can significantly reduce the risk of water pollution. These practices include using organic fertilizers, implementing integrated pest management strategies, and employing soil conservation techniques to reduce runoff and erosion.In conclusion, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming practices can have negative effects on soil health and water quality compared to non-chemical methods of sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture practices that focus on maintaining soil health, reducing chemical inputs, and protecting water resources can provide long-term benefits for both the environment and human health.