The synthesis of a coordination compound using the ligand substitution method involves the replacement of one or more ligands in a pre-existing complex with new ligands. Here is a general step-by-step procedure for synthesizing a coordination compound using this method:1. Choose the starting complex: Select a suitable metal complex with known structure and properties as the starting point for the ligand substitution reaction.2. Choose the new ligand s : Select the ligand s that you want to introduce into the coordination compound. Ensure that the new ligand s can effectively replace the existing ligand s in the starting complex.3. Prepare the reaction mixture: Dissolve the starting complex and the new ligand s in a suitable solvent. The choice of solvent depends on the solubility of the reactants and the desired reaction conditions e.g., temperature, pressure .4. Perform the ligand substitution reaction: Mix the starting complex and the new ligand s in the reaction mixture and allow the reaction to proceed. The reaction conditions e.g., temperature, pressure, time should be optimized to achieve the desired product yield and selectivity.5. Monitor the reaction progress: Periodically analyze the reaction mixture using techniques such as thin-layer chromatography TLC or high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC to monitor the progress of the ligand substitution reaction.6. Isolate the product: Once the reaction is complete, separate the coordination compound from the reaction mixture using techniques such as filtration, crystallization, or chromatography.7. Purify the product: If necessary, further purify the coordination compound using additional techniques such as recrystallization or column chromatography.8. Characterize the product: Confirm the structure and properties of the synthesized coordination compound using various instrumental techniques, including: a. UV-Vis spectroscopy: This technique can provide information about the electronic transitions in the coordination compound, which can be correlated with the ligand environment around the metal center. By comparing the UV-Vis spectra of the starting complex and the product, you can determine if the ligand substitution has occurred. b. NMR spectroscopy: This technique can provide information about the chemical environment of the nuclei in the coordination compound. By analyzing the chemical shifts, coupling constants, and peak multiplicities in the NMR spectra, you can determine the structure of the coordination compound and confirm the presence of the new ligand s . c. Other techniques: Depending on the nature of the coordination compound, additional characterization techniques such as infrared IR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, or mass spectrometry may be required to fully confirm the structure and properties of the product.9. Analyze the results: Compare the properties of the synthesized coordination compound with those of the starting complex and the desired product to evaluate the success of the ligand substitution reaction. If necessary, optimize the reaction conditions or modify the ligand substitution strategy to improve the product yield and selectivity.