The synthesis of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene TNT from toluene and nitric acid involves a two-step nitration process. The optimal reaction conditions for achieving the highest yield are as follows:1. First Nitration:- Concentration of nitric acid: Use a mixture of concentrated nitric acid HNO3 and concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4 in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 HNO3:H2SO4 . The sulfuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent, increasing the concentration of the nitronium ion NO2+ , which is the active nitrating species.- Temperature: Maintain the temperature between 0C and 5C during the reaction. This is important to control the exothermic nature of the reaction and to avoid the formation of undesired by-products.- Stirring: Continuous stirring is necessary to ensure proper mixing of the reactants and to maintain a uniform temperature throughout the reaction.2. Second Nitration:- Concentration of nitric acid: Use a mixture of fuming nitric acid HNO3 and concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4 in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:3 HNO3:H2SO4 . Fuming nitric acid has a higher concentration of nitronium ions, which increases the nitration efficiency.- Temperature: Maintain the temperature between 50C and 60C during the reaction. This higher temperature is necessary for the second nitration step to achieve the desired 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene product.- Stirring: Continuous stirring is necessary to ensure proper mixing of the reactants and to maintain a uniform temperature throughout the reaction.It is important to note that the synthesis of TNT is a highly sensitive and potentially dangerous process. It should only be performed by trained professionals in a controlled laboratory environment, following all safety protocols and regulations.