The primary mechanism by which fatty acids are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane for use in beta-oxidation during lipid metabolism is through the carnitine shuttle system. This system involves three main components: carnitine palmitoyltransferase I CPT I , carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase II CPT II .1. First, the fatty acid is activated by the addition of a Coenzyme A CoA molecule, forming a fatty acyl-CoA complex in the cytosol.2. The fatty acyl-CoA complex then interacts with CPT I, which is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. CPT I catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group from the fatty acyl-CoA to a free carnitine molecule, forming an acyl-carnitine ester.3. The acyl-carnitine ester is then transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, an antiporter that exchanges the acyl-carnitine for a free carnitine molecule.4. Once inside the mitochondrial matrix, the acyl-carnitine ester interacts with CPT II, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. CPT II catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group back to a CoA molecule, reforming the fatty acyl-CoA complex.5. The fatty acyl-CoA complex is now ready to undergo beta-oxidation within the mitochondrial matrix, where it is broken down into acetyl-CoA units that can enter the citric acid cycle for further metabolism and energy production.The carnitine shuttle system is essential for the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane, as they cannot freely diffuse across the membrane due to their hydrophobic nature.