The nitration of toluene to produce 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene TNT involves a series of reactions with nitric acid and sulfuric acid as the nitrating agents. The process consists of three nitration steps, each adding a nitro group -NO2 to the toluene molecule.For the most efficient and safe preparation of TNT, it is crucial to maintain controlled conditions during the nitration process. The optimum temperature and concentration of nitric acid for each step are as follows:1. First nitration step mono-nitration : The temperature should be maintained between 0C and 5C, and a mixture of concentrated nitric acid HNO3 and concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4 should be used. The concentration of nitric acid should be around 60-70%.2. Second nitration step di-nitration : The temperature should be maintained between 5C and 10C, and a mixture of concentrated nitric acid HNO3 and concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4 should be used. The concentration of nitric acid should be around 80-90%.3. Third nitration step tri-nitration : The temperature should be maintained between 10C and 15C, and a mixture of concentrated nitric acid HNO3 and concentrated sulfuric acid H2SO4 should be used. The concentration of nitric acid should be around 95-100%.It is essential to maintain these temperature and concentration conditions to ensure the highest yield of TNT while minimizing the risk of side reactions and potential hazards. Additionally, proper safety measures, such as working in a well-ventilated area and using appropriate personal protective equipment, should be followed during the nitration process.