The most effective chemical compounds for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD are bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Bronchodilators help to relax and widen the airways, while corticosteroids reduce inflammation. The most commonly prescribed bronchodilators for COPD are beta-agonists e.g., salbutamol, formoterol and anticholinergics e.g., ipratropium, tiotropium . Inhaled corticosteroids e.g., fluticasone, budesonide are also used to manage COPD symptoms.To synthesize these compounds in a cost-effective manner, it is essential to optimize the synthetic routes, minimize waste, and use readily available starting materials. Here, we will discuss the synthesis of salbutamol, a widely used short-acting beta-agonist, as an example.Salbutamol can be synthesized in a cost-effective manner through the following steps:1. Start with 4- 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl phenol, a readily available starting material. This compound can be synthesized from resorcinol and ethylene oxide, both of which are inexpensive and commercially available.2. Protect the phenolic hydroxyl group by converting it to a benzyl ether using benzyl chloride and a suitable base, such as potassium carbonate. This step is necessary to prevent unwanted side reactions during the subsequent steps.3. Perform a reductive amination reaction between the protected phenol and tert-butylamine using a reducing agent, such as sodium cyanoborohydride. This step forms the desired secondary amine.4. Deprotect the phenolic hydroxyl group by hydrogenolysis using hydrogen gas and a palladium on carbon catalyst. This step regenerates the phenolic hydroxyl group, yielding the final salbutamol product.5. Purify the product using standard techniques, such as crystallization or chromatography.To further reduce the cost of synthesis, it is crucial to optimize reaction conditions, minimize the use of expensive reagents, and develop efficient purification methods. Additionally, scaling up the synthesis to an industrial level can also help to reduce the overall cost of production.