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How does a change in pH affect the formation of the complex ion Cu(NH3)4^2+ from Cu2+ and NH3? Provide a detailed explanation with chemical equations and calculations.

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The formation of the complex ion Cu NH3 4^2+ from Cu2+ and NH3 is influenced by the pH of the solution. The reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:Cu2+ + 4NH3  Cu NH3 4^2+To understand the effect of pH on this reaction, we need to consider the behavior of ammonia  NH3  in water. Ammonia is a weak base and can react with water to form the ammonium ion  NH4+  and hydroxide ion  OH- :NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-As the pH of a solution is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions  H+ , a change in pH will affect the concentration of NH3 and NH4+ in the solution. At low pH  acidic conditions , there is a high concentration of H+ ions in the solution. These H+ ions will react with the NH3, forming NH4+:NH3 + H+  NH4+This reaction decreases the concentration of free NH3 available to form the complex ion Cu NH3 4^2+. As a result, the formation of the complex ion is less favorable under acidic conditions.At high pH  alkaline conditions , there is a low concentration of H+ ions and a high concentration of OH- ions in the solution. This favors the formation of NH3 from NH4+:NH4+ + OH-  NH3 + H2OWith a higher concentration of free NH3 available, the formation of the complex ion Cu NH3 4^2+ is more favorable under alkaline conditions.In summary, the formation of the complex ion Cu NH3 4^2+ from Cu2+ and NH3 is more favorable under alkaline conditions  high pH  due to the increased concentration of free NH3 in the solution. Under acidic conditions  low pH , the reaction is less favorable as the concentration of free NH3 is reduced due to the formation of NH4+.
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