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What is the effect of temperature on the surface tension of water and how can it be measured accurately using the capillary rise method?

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The effect of temperature on the surface tension of water is that as the temperature increases, the surface tension decreases. This occurs because the increased temperature leads to greater kinetic energy of the water molecules, causing them to move more rapidly and reducing the intermolecular forces that contribute to surface tension.The capillary rise method can be used to measure the surface tension of water accurately at different temperatures. Here's a step-by-step process to perform the experiment:1. Choose a capillary tube with a small, uniform inner diameter. Clean it thoroughly to ensure that there are no impurities or residues that could affect the results.2. Fill a container with distilled water and heat it to the desired temperature using a water bath or a temperature-controlled heating system. Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature.3. Immerse one end of the capillary tube into the water. The water will rise in the tube due to the surface tension and capillary action.4. Measure the height of the water column in the capillary tube using a ruler or a calibrated scale. Record the height  h  and the temperature  T  of the water.5. Repeat steps 2-4 for different temperatures to obtain a range of data points.6. Calculate the surface tension    using the Jurin's Law formula:    =  ghr^2  / 2r   where  is the density of water, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h is the height of the water column, and r is the radius of the capillary tube.7. Plot the surface tension    against temperature  T  to observe the relationship between the two variables. The graph should show a decreasing trend, indicating that the surface tension decreases with increasing temperature.By following these steps, you can accurately measure the effect of temperature on the surface tension of water using the capillary rise method.
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