The concentration of sulfur dioxide SO2 and nitrogen oxides NOx in acid rain directly affects the pH level of freshwater bodies. When these pollutants are released into the atmosphere, they react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric acid H2SO4 and nitric acid HNO3 . These acids then fall to the ground as acid rain, which can enter freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, and streams.As the concentration of SO2 and NOx in acid rain increases, the amount of sulfuric and nitric acids in the rainwater also increases. This leads to a decrease in the pH level of freshwater bodies, making them more acidic. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Freshwater bodies typically have a pH level between 6 and 8. Acid rain can cause the pH level to drop below this range, resulting in a more acidic environment.The acidification of freshwater bodies can have several negative environmental impacts:1. Aquatic life: Acidic water can be harmful to many aquatic species, particularly those that are sensitive to changes in pH levels. Fish, amphibians, and invertebrates may experience physiological stress, reduced reproductive success, and even death as a result of increased acidity. This can lead to a decline in biodiversity and disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems.2. Leaching of metals: Acidic water can cause the release of toxic metals, such as aluminum, from rocks and soils. These metals can enter freshwater bodies and accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms, posing a threat to their health and the health of animals that consume them, including humans.3. Water quality: Acidification can negatively affect water quality by increasing the concentration of dissolved organic carbon, which can lead to the formation of harmful disinfection byproducts when water is treated for human consumption.4. Terrestrial ecosystems: Acid rain can also impact terrestrial ecosystems by damaging soil quality and leaching essential nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, from the soil. This can lead to reduced plant growth and weakened trees, making them more susceptible to disease and pests.To mitigate the effects of acid rain, it is essential to reduce the emissions of SO2 and NOx from sources such as power plants, industrial processes, and transportation. This can be achieved through the implementation of cleaner technologies, stricter regulations, and the promotion of alternative energy sources.