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What is the net ATP production from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation?

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The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose involves three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle  also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle , and oxidative phosphorylation  which includes the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis . Here is the breakdown of ATP production in each stage:1. Glycolysis:- 2 ATP molecules are used in the initial steps of glycolysis.- 4 ATP molecules are produced in the later steps of glycolysis.- Net production in glycolysis: 4 - 2 = 2 ATP2. Citric Acid Cycle:- Since glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate from 1 molecule of glucose, each pyruvate molecule enters the citric acid cycle. Thus, the cycle occurs twice for each glucose molecule.- In each turn of the citric acid cycle, 1 ATP  or GTP, which can be converted to ATP  is produced.- Net production in the citric acid cycle: 2 x 1 = 2 ATP3. Oxidative Phosphorylation:- During glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 molecules are produced. These molecules carry high-energy electrons, which are used in the electron transport chain to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.- For each glucose molecule, 2 NADH are produced in glycolysis, 2 NADH are produced during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, 6 NADH are produced in the citric acid cycle, and 4 FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle.- In the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule generates approximately 2.5 ATP, and each FADH2 molecule generates approximately 1.5 ATP.- Net production in oxidative phosphorylation:  2 + 2 + 6  x 2.5 + 4 x 1.5 = 10 + 6 = 26 ATPTotal net ATP production from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation: 2  glycolysis  + 2  citric acid cycle  + 26  oxidative phosphorylation  = 30 ATPNote: The actual ATP yield may vary slightly depending on the efficiency of the electron transport chain and the specific cell type. Some sources may report a total net ATP production of 32 or 36 ATP, but 30 ATP is a commonly accepted value.
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