The chemical process behind the formation of acid rain involves the emission of sulfur dioxide SO2 and nitrogen oxides NOx into the atmosphere. These gases are primarily released from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, in power plants, industrial processes, and vehicle emissions. Once released into the atmosphere, SO2 and NOx react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric acid H2SO4 and nitric acid HNO3 . These acids then mix with rain, snow, fog, or other forms of precipitation, resulting in acid rain.Acid rain has several negative environmental effects on both aquatic life and terrestrial ecosystems:1. Aquatic life: Acid rain increases the acidity of water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and streams. This change in pH can be harmful to aquatic organisms, particularly those sensitive to changes in acidity, such as fish, amphibians, and invertebrates. As the pH decreases, it can cause a decline in species diversity and disrupt the food chain. Acidic water can also release toxic substances, such as aluminum, from the soil into water bodies, further harming aquatic life.2. Terrestrial ecosystems: Acid rain can damage soil chemistry by leaching essential nutrients, such as calcium and magnesium, and increasing the concentration of toxic elements, such as aluminum. This nutrient imbalance can negatively affect plant growth and reduce the ability of plants to take up water and nutrients. Acid rain can also directly damage plant tissues, especially in sensitive species, leading to reduced growth and productivity.3. Forests: Acid rain can weaken trees by damaging their leaves and limiting the availability of essential nutrients in the soil. This makes trees more susceptible to diseases, pests, and environmental stressors, such as drought or cold temperatures. Over time, this can lead to a decline in forest health and biodiversity.4. Buildings and monuments: Acid rain can corrode and deteriorate building materials, such as limestone, marble, and metal structures. This can lead to the degradation of buildings, statues, and other cultural heritage sites.To mitigate the effects of acid rain, efforts should be made to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions through cleaner energy sources, improved industrial processes, and stricter regulations on emissions.