The binding of substrates to the active site of an enzyme significantly affects the catalytic reaction rate. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. The active site is a specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds, and the reaction takes place.To compare the reaction rate of a free substrate versus a substrate bound to the enzyme's active site using computational chemistry methods, we can follow these steps:1. Choose a suitable enzyme-substrate system: Select an enzyme and its corresponding substrate for which experimental data on the reaction rate is available. This data will be useful for validating the computational results.2. Build the molecular models: Construct the 3D structures of the enzyme, the substrate, and the enzyme-substrate complex using molecular modeling software. You can obtain the enzyme structure from databases like the Protein Data Bank PDB and build the substrate structure using molecular drawing tools.3. Perform molecular docking: Use molecular docking software to predict the binding mode of the substrate to the enzyme's active site. This will help you understand the interactions between the enzyme and the substrate, which are crucial for the catalytic reaction.4. Calculate the activation energy: Employ quantum mechanical QM or hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics QM/MM methods to calculate the activation energy for the reaction in both the free substrate and the enzyme-bound substrate. These methods involve solving the Schrödinger equation for the molecular system and provide accurate estimates of the activation energy.5. Compare the reaction rates: Use the calculated activation energies to estimate the reaction rates for the free substrate and the enzyme-bound substrate using the Arrhenius equation:k = Ae^-Ea/RT where k is the reaction rate, A is the pre-exponential factor, Ea is the activation energy, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.The reaction rate of the enzyme-bound substrate should be significantly higher than that of the free substrate due to the enzyme's ability to lower the activation energy.6. Validate the results: Compare the computational results with the experimental data to ensure the accuracy of the calculations. If the results match well, it confirms that the enzyme indeed accelerates the reaction by lowering the activation energy when the substrate is bound to its active site.In summary, computational chemistry methods can be used to compare the reaction rate of a free substrate versus a substrate bound to the enzyme's active site. The results typically show that the enzyme-bound substrate has a significantly higher reaction rate due to the enzyme's ability to lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.