Surface modification of polymers involves altering the chemical and/or physical properties of the polymer surface to achieve desired characteristics, such as hydrophobicity and adhesion. These modifications can be achieved through various methods, including chemical treatments, plasma treatments, and physical modifications. The changes in hydrophobicity and adhesion properties are primarily due to the alterations in surface chemistry, surface roughness, and surface energy.1. Surface chemistry: Modifying the surface chemistry of a polymer can directly affect its hydrophobicity and adhesion properties. For example, introducing hydrophobic functional groups such as fluorinated or long-chain alkyl groups to the polymer surface can increase its hydrophobicity, while introducing hydrophilic functional groups such as hydroxyl or carboxyl groups can increase its hydrophilicity. These changes in surface chemistry can also influence the adhesion properties of the polymer, as the presence of specific functional groups can promote or hinder interactions with other materials.2. Surface roughness: Surface modification techniques can also alter the surface roughness of a polymer, which can influence its hydrophobicity and adhesion properties. For example, increasing the surface roughness can enhance the hydrophobicity of a polymer by creating a more heterogeneous surface that traps air and reduces the contact area between the polymer and water. This phenomenon is known as the Cassie-Baxter state. On the other hand, a smoother surface may promote adhesion by increasing the contact area between the polymer and the adhering material.3. Surface energy: Surface energy is a measure of the thermodynamic stability of a surface and is related to the strength of the intermolecular forces at the surface. Surface modification can alter the surface energy of a polymer, which in turn affects its hydrophobicity and adhesion properties. For example, increasing the surface energy of a polymer can promote adhesion by enhancing the intermolecular interactions between the polymer and the adhering material. Conversely, decreasing the surface energy can increase the hydrophobicity of the polymer by reducing the strength of the intermolecular forces between the polymer and water.In summary, surface modification of polymers can significantly affect their hydrophobicity and adhesion properties by altering the surface chemistry, surface roughness, and surface energy. These changes can be tailored to achieve specific properties for various applications, such as coatings, adhesives, and biomedical devices.