Solid sodium chloride NaCl exhibits ionic bonding. This type of bonding occurs when there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions. In the case of NaCl, sodium Na loses one electron to become a positively charged ion Na+ , while chlorine Cl gains one electron to become a negatively charged ion Cl- . The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond, which holds the NaCl crystal lattice together.Ionic bonding differs from covalent and metallic bonding in the following ways:1. Covalent bonding: In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. This type of bonding typically occurs between non-metal atoms. For example, in a water molecule H2O , oxygen shares electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form covalent bonds. Covalent bonds can be polar with unequal sharing of electrons or nonpolar with equal sharing of electrons . In contrast, ionic bonding involves the complete transfer of electrons and the formation of charged ions.2. Metallic bonding: Metallic bonding occurs in metals and involves the delocalization of valence electrons, which are free to move throughout the metal lattice. These electrons are shared among all the positively charged metal ions, creating a "sea of electrons" that holds the metal ions together. This type of bonding is responsible for the characteristic properties of metals, such as electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility. Unlike ionic bonding, metallic bonding does not involve the formation of discrete charged ions or the transfer of electrons between specific atoms.