Protein synthesis in living organisms occurs through a two-step process: transcription and translation. These processes involve the conversion of genetic information stored in DNA into functional proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions.1. Transcription: This is the first step in protein synthesis, where the genetic information in DNA is transcribed into a molecule called messenger RNA mRNA . The enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a specific region on the DNA called the promoter and starts synthesizing the mRNA molecule by adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand. Once the transcription is complete, the mRNA molecule detaches from the DNA and moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.2. Translation: In this step, the mRNA molecule is translated into a protein by ribosomes, which are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA tRNA molecules, carrying specific amino acids, recognize the codons three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA and bind to them through complementary base pairing. The ribosome then catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, forming a polypeptide chain. Once the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, the translation process is complete, and the newly synthesized protein is released.Several biochemical factors influence the folding and functionality of proteins within cells:1. Amino acid sequence: The primary structure of a protein, determined by the sequence of amino acids, plays a crucial role in protein folding. The specific arrangement of amino acids determines the protein's secondary and tertiary structures, which ultimately dictate its function.2. Molecular chaperones: These are proteins that assist in the folding of other proteins by stabilizing partially folded structures and preventing aggregation. They help ensure that proteins fold correctly and maintain their functional conformations.3. Post-translational modifications: After translation, proteins can undergo various chemical modifications, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation. These modifications can influence protein folding, stability, and function.4. Cellular environment: The cellular environment, including factors such as pH, temperature, and the presence of other molecules, can impact protein folding and stability. For example, changes in pH or temperature can cause proteins to denature or lose their functional conformation.5. Protein degradation: Misfolded or damaged proteins are often targeted for degradation by cellular machinery, such as the proteasome or autophagy pathways. This process helps maintain protein quality control within cells and prevents the accumulation of non-functional or toxic protein aggregates.