Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease NAFLD is a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fat in the liver cells of individuals who consume little or no alcohol. One of the key enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis is acetyl-CoA carboxylase ACC . Decreased ACC activity can have significant effects on the biosynthesis of triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids in liver cells.1. Triglyceride synthesis: Triglycerides are formed by the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acid molecules. Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA by the action of ACC, which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is then used as a substrate for the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids. With decreased ACC activity, there will be reduced availability of malonyl-CoA, leading to a decrease in fatty acid synthesis. This, in turn, can lead to reduced triglyceride synthesis in the liver cells.2. Cholesterol synthesis: Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA through a series of enzymatic reactions. The first step in this process is the formation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA HMG-CoA from acetyl-CoA. Although ACC is not directly involved in cholesterol synthesis, decreased ACC activity can affect the overall availability of acetyl-CoA for cholesterol synthesis. This can lead to reduced cholesterol synthesis in the liver cells.3. Fatty acid synthesis: As mentioned earlier, ACC plays a crucial role in fatty acid synthesis by converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Decreased ACC activity results in reduced malonyl-CoA levels, which in turn leads to a decrease in fatty acid synthesis. This can contribute to the development of NAFLD, as fatty acids are the building blocks of triglycerides, which accumulate in the liver cells in this condition.In summary, decreased acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in overweight individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can lead to reduced biosynthesis of triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids in the liver cells. This can exacerbate the condition, as the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver is a hallmark of NAFLD. It is important to note that the development of NAFLD is multifactorial, and factors such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress also play significant roles in its progression.