Ionic and covalent bonds are the two primary types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together in compounds. They differ in terms of electron sharing and electrostatic attraction.Ionic Bonds:In ionic bonds, electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of ions. These ions have opposite charges and are held together by electrostatic attraction. Ionic bonds typically occur between a metal and a non-metal. The metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, while the non-metal gains electrons to become a negatively charged anion. The electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged ions forms the ionic bond.For example, in sodium chloride NaCl , sodium Na loses one electron to become Na+ and chlorine Cl gains one electron to become Cl-. The electrostatic attraction between Na+ and Cl- ions forms the ionic bond in NaCl.Covalent Bonds:In covalent bonds, electrons are shared between atoms rather than being transferred. This type of bond typically occurs between non-metal atoms. The shared electrons are attracted to the positively charged nuclei of both atoms, which holds the atoms together in a covalent bond.For example, in a water molecule H2O , each hydrogen atom shares one electron with the oxygen atom, forming two covalent bonds.The differences in electron sharing and electrostatic attraction between ionic and covalent bonds lead to different properties in the resulting compounds:1. Melting and Boiling Points: Ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic attraction between the ions. Covalent compounds, on the other hand, have lower melting and boiling points because the forces between molecules are weaker than the forces between ions.2. Electrical Conductivity: Ionic compounds, when dissolved in water or in a molten state, can conduct electricity because the ions are free to move and carry an electric charge. Covalent compounds, in contrast, do not conduct electricity because they do not have charged particles to carry the electric charge.3. Solubility: Ionic compounds are generally soluble in polar solvents like water, as the charged ions can interact with the polar solvent molecules. Covalent compounds may or may not be soluble in polar solvents, depending on their polarity.4. State at Room Temperature: Ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature due to the strong electrostatic attraction between ions. Covalent compounds can be solid, liquid, or gas at room temperature, depending on the strength of the intermolecular forces.In summary, ionic and covalent bonds differ in terms of electron sharing and electrostatic attraction, which leads to different properties in the resulting compounds. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer and electrostatic attraction between ions, while covalent bonds involve electron sharing between atoms. These differences result in distinct physical and chemical properties for ionic and covalent compounds.