Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. It plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism in liver cells as well as other cells in the body. Insulin helps maintain blood glucose levels within a normal range by facilitating the uptake, storage, and utilization of glucose in various tissues.In liver cells, insulin has several functions in glucose metabolism:1. Glycogenesis: Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which is stored in the liver. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin stimulates the liver cells to take up glucose and convert it into glycogen through a process called glycogenesis. This helps to lower blood glucose levels.2. Glycolysis: Insulin also promotes the breakdown of glucose to produce energy through a process called glycolysis. In the presence of insulin, liver cells increase the uptake of glucose and convert it into pyruvate, which can then be used to generate ATP adenosine triphosphate , the primary energy source for cells.3. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis: Insulin inhibits the process of gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and glycerol. By suppressing gluconeogenesis, insulin prevents the liver from producing and releasing excessive glucose into the bloodstream.Type II diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes or adult-onset diabetes, is a chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance and/or insufficient insulin production. In type II diabetes, the liver cells, along with muscle and fat cells, become less responsive to insulin, leading to a reduced ability to take up and utilize glucose. This results in high blood glucose levels hyperglycemia .The deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance in type II diabetes leads to the following consequences in glucose metabolism:1. Impaired glycogenesis: Due to reduced insulin action, liver cells are unable to effectively convert glucose into glycogen, leading to a decrease in glycogen storage and an increase in blood glucose levels.2. Reduced glycolysis: Insulin resistance also impairs the ability of liver cells to break down glucose through glycolysis, which means less glucose is utilized for energy production.3. Increased gluconeogenesis: In the absence of sufficient insulin action, the liver increases gluconeogenesis, producing more glucose from non-carbohydrate sources and releasing it into the bloodstream, further exacerbating hyperglycemia.These disruptions in glucose metabolism contribute to the development and progression of type II diabetes. Over time, chronic hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including cardiovascular diseases, kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision problems. Proper management of type II diabetes involves lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet and regular exercise, and may require medications or insulin therapy to maintain blood glucose levels within a target range.