In coordination chemistry, the effect of different ligands on the rate of substitution can be significant. The rate of substitution refers to how quickly a ligand is replaced by another ligand in a coordination complex. This process is influenced by several factors, including the nature of the metal center, the type of ligand, and the reaction conditions.Ligands can be classified based on their ability to form coordination complexes with metal ions. Some common classifications include:1. Spectator ligands: These ligands do not participate directly in the substitution reaction and have little to no effect on the rate of substitution. They are generally considered to be "innocent" bystanders in the reaction.2. Labile ligands: These ligands are easily replaced by other ligands in a coordination complex. They generally lead to faster substitution reactions due to their weak bonding with the metal center. Examples of labile ligands include halides Cl-, Br-, I- and aqua ligands H2O .3. Inert ligands: These ligands form strong bonds with the metal center and are not easily replaced by other ligands. As a result, they lead to slower substitution reactions. Examples of inert ligands include ammonia NH3 , ethylenediamine en , and many other multidentate ligands.4. Ambidentate ligands: These ligands can bind to the metal center through more than one donor atom, leading to the possibility of linkage isomerism. The rate of substitution can be influenced by which donor atom is involved in the coordination complex. Examples of ambidentate ligands include thiocyanate SCN- and nitrite NO2- .5. Chelating ligands: These ligands contain multiple donor atoms that can form multiple bonds with the metal center, creating a stable ring structure. Chelating ligands generally lead to slower substitution reactions due to their increased stability. Examples include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline.In summary, the effect of different ligands on the rate of substitution in coordination chemistry depends on the nature of the ligand and its ability to form stable coordination complexes with the metal center. Labile ligands generally lead to faster substitution reactions, while inert and chelating ligands tend to slow down the reaction rate.