Improving the properties of ceramics for high-temperature applications such as gas turbines can be achieved through several approaches:1. Material selection: Choose ceramics with high thermal stability, low thermal expansion, and high thermal conductivity. Examples include silicon carbide SiC , silicon nitride Si3N4 , and zirconia ZrO2 .2. Microstructure control: The microstructure of ceramics can significantly influence their mechanical properties. By controlling the grain size, grain boundaries, and porosity, the strength and toughness of ceramics can be improved. For example, fine-grained ceramics generally exhibit higher strength and toughness compared to coarse-grained ceramics.3. Reinforcement: Introducing reinforcements such as fibers, whiskers, or particles can enhance the mechanical properties of ceramics. For example, ceramic matrix composites CMCs consist of a ceramic matrix reinforced with continuous or discontinuous fibers, leading to improved strength, toughness, and thermal shock resistance.4. Coatings: Applying protective coatings on the ceramic surface can improve their resistance to wear, corrosion, and oxidation. Examples of such coatings include thermal barrier coatings TBCs made of yttria-stabilized zirconia YSZ for thermal insulation and environmental barrier coatings EBCs for protection against corrosive gases.5. Processing techniques: Advanced processing techniques such as hot isostatic pressing HIP , spark plasma sintering SPS , and additive manufacturing can lead to ceramics with improved density, reduced porosity, and enhanced mechanical properties.6. Design optimization: Optimizing the design of ceramic components can help to reduce stress concentrations and improve load distribution, leading to enhanced durability and strength.7. Residual stress control: Controlling the residual stresses in ceramics can improve their mechanical properties. Techniques such as annealing, heat treatment, and controlled cooling can be used to minimize residual stresses.By implementing these strategies, the durability and strength of ceramics can be improved for use in high-temperature applications such as gas turbines.