Doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into a semiconductor material to modify its electrical properties. The effect of doping on the electrical conductivity of semiconductors used in electronic devices is to increase their conductivity by creating either an excess of free electrons n-type doping or an excess of holes p-type doping .In n-type doping, donor impurities are added to the semiconductor, which have more valence electrons than the host material. These extra electrons are easily released into the conduction band, increasing the number of free electrons and thus the electrical conductivity of the material.In p-type doping, acceptor impurities are added to the semiconductor, which have fewer valence electrons than the host material. This creates vacancies or "holes" in the valence band, which can be filled by electrons from neighboring atoms. The movement of these holes effectively increases the electrical conductivity of the material.Overall, doping enhances the electrical conductivity of semiconductors, allowing them to be tailored for specific electronic device applications, such as transistors, diodes, and solar cells.