Different pollutants in the air can have various adverse effects on the human respiratory system. Some common air pollutants and their effects on the respiratory system include:1. Particulate Matter PM : These are tiny particles suspended in the air, which can be composed of various substances like dust, soot, and smoke. PM can be classified into two categories: PM10 particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less and PM2.5 particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less . When inhaled, these particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, causing irritation, inflammation, and exacerbation of existing respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD .2. Ozone O3 : Ozone is a highly reactive gas formed when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides NOx and volatile organic compounds VOCs in the atmosphere. High levels of ozone can cause shortness of breath, coughing, chest pain, and throat irritation. It can also aggravate existing respiratory conditions and reduce lung function.3. Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 : NO2 is a byproduct of combustion processes, such as those occurring in vehicle engines and power plants. Exposure to high levels of NO2 can cause respiratory symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, and can also exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions.4. Sulfur Dioxide SO2 : SO2 is produced by burning fossil fuels containing sulfur, such as coal and oil. It can cause respiratory symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, and can also aggravate existing respiratory conditions, particularly in sensitive populations like children and the elderly.Effective methods for measuring and monitoring air pollutants in real-time include:1. Air Quality Monitoring Stations: These are fixed stations equipped with various sensors to measure the concentration of different pollutants in the air. Data from these stations can be used to generate real-time air quality indices and inform the public about the current air quality.2. Mobile Monitoring Units: These are portable devices that can be mounted on vehicles or carried by individuals to measure air pollutant levels in different locations. This can help identify pollution hotspots and track the movement of pollutants in the atmosphere.3. Remote Sensing Techniques: Satellite-based remote sensing can provide large-scale, real-time data on air pollutant concentrations. This can be particularly useful for monitoring pollutants like ozone and particulate matter, which can be transported over long distances.4. Low-cost Sensor Networks: The development of low-cost, portable air quality sensors has enabled the deployment of dense networks of monitoring devices in urban areas. These networks can provide high-resolution, real-time data on air pollutant levels, helping to identify sources of pollution and inform targeted mitigation strategies.5. Personal Exposure Monitoring: Wearable devices equipped with air quality sensors can provide individuals with real-time information about their personal exposure to air pollutants. This can help people make informed decisions about their activities and exposure to polluted environments.