To optimize the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride PVC from vinyl chloride monomer VCM and obtain a higher yield and purity, several factors can be considered and modified. These factors include:1. Catalyst selection: The choice of catalyst plays a crucial role in the polymerization process. Using a more efficient and selective catalyst can increase the reaction rate and yield. Common catalysts for PVC synthesis include peroxides, azo compounds, and transition metal complexes. Research and development of new catalysts with higher activity and selectivity can lead to improved PVC synthesis.2. Reaction conditions: Optimizing reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time can significantly affect the yield and purity of PVC. Generally, PVC synthesis is carried out at temperatures between 40-70C and pressures of 10-100 atm. Fine-tuning these parameters can help achieve the desired product properties and improve the overall process efficiency.3. Polymerization method: There are different polymerization methods used for PVC synthesis, including suspension, emulsion, and bulk polymerization. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Suspension polymerization is the most widely used method due to its ease of operation and scalability. However, exploring alternative polymerization methods or optimizing the existing ones can lead to higher yields and purities.4. Purification techniques: Implementing efficient purification techniques can help remove impurities and unreacted monomers from the final product. Techniques such as washing, filtration, and solvent extraction can be employed to improve the purity of PVC. Additionally, optimizing the purification process can minimize the loss of product during these steps.5. Process control and monitoring: Implementing advanced process control and monitoring systems can help optimize the reaction conditions in real-time, ensuring that the process operates at its highest efficiency. This can lead to improved yields and purities.6. Recycling and waste management: Efficient recycling and waste management strategies can help recover unreacted monomers and other valuable materials from the process waste. This can not only improve the overall yield but also reduce the environmental impact of PVC production.In conclusion, optimizing the synthesis of PVC from VCM involves a combination of factors, including catalyst selection, reaction conditions, polymerization methods, purification techniques, process control, and waste management. By addressing these factors, it is possible to achieve higher yields and purities in PVC production.