The surface properties of polymers can be manipulated to enhance their adhesion to other materials through various methods. These methods aim to modify the surface chemistry, topography, and energy to promote better interfacial interactions between the polymer and the adherend the material to which the polymer is being bonded . Some of the common techniques to achieve this are:1. Surface treatment: Surface treatments can be physical, chemical, or a combination of both. These treatments can alter the surface chemistry and topography of the polymer, making it more compatible with the adherend. Common surface treatments include: a. Plasma treatment: In this method, the polymer surface is exposed to a plasma, which can be generated using gases like oxygen, nitrogen, or argon. The plasma treatment can introduce polar functional groups, increase surface roughness, and remove contaminants, thus improving adhesion. b. Corona treatment: This method involves exposing the polymer surface to a high-voltage electrical discharge, which creates a corona of ionized air. This treatment can oxidize the surface, introduce polar functional groups, and increase surface energy, leading to better adhesion. c. Chemical treatment: Chemical treatments involve the use of chemicals, such as acids, bases, or solvents, to modify the surface chemistry of the polymer. These treatments can etch the surface, introduce new functional groups, or remove contaminants, thus enhancing adhesion.2. Surface modification: Surface modification techniques involve the addition of a thin layer of material or the creation of a new surface structure on the polymer. Some common surface modification techniques include: a. Grafting: Grafting involves the covalent attachment of functional groups or other polymers onto the surface of the polymer. This can be achieved through various methods, such as UV irradiation, plasma treatment, or chemical reactions. Grafting can introduce new functional groups, change the surface chemistry, and improve adhesion. b. Coating: Applying a thin layer of a compatible material, such as a primer or adhesive, onto the polymer surface can improve adhesion. The coating can act as an intermediate layer, promoting better interfacial interactions between the polymer and the adherend. c. Surface patterning: Creating micro- or nano-scale patterns on the polymer surface can increase the surface area and roughness, leading to better mechanical interlocking and adhesion with the adherend.3. Blending and copolymerization: Mixing the polymer with other compatible polymers or additives can improve its adhesion properties. This can be achieved through blending or copolymerization, which can introduce new functional groups, change the surface chemistry, and enhance compatibility with the adherend.4. Controlling the curing process: The curing process of a polymer can influence its adhesion properties. By controlling factors such as temperature, pressure, and curing time, the polymer's surface properties can be optimized for better adhesion.In summary, manipulating the surface properties of polymers to enhance their adhesion to other materials can be achieved through various methods, including surface treatments, surface modifications, blending, and controlling the curing process. These techniques aim to improve the interfacial interactions between the polymer and the adherend, leading to stronger and more durable bonds.