Surface modification of biomaterials using plasma treatment can enhance biocompatibility and reduce bacterial adhesion through several mechanisms:1. Alteration of surface chemistry: Plasma treatment can introduce various functional groups e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amine groups onto the surface of biomaterials. These functional groups can improve biocompatibility by promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Additionally, they can reduce bacterial adhesion by introducing anti-bacterial functional groups or by creating a more hydrophilic surface, which is less favorable for bacterial attachment.2. Modification of surface topography: Plasma treatment can create nano- and micro-scale surface features on biomaterials. These features can influence cell behavior by mimicking the natural extracellular matrix and promoting cell adhesion and growth. Moreover, the altered surface topography can hinder bacterial adhesion by creating an unfavorable environment for bacterial attachment and colonization.3. Sterilization: Plasma treatment can effectively sterilize the surface of biomaterials by generating reactive species e.g., ions, electrons, and free radicals that can inactivate or kill bacteria. This process not only reduces bacterial adhesion but also prevents potential infections associated with the use of biomaterials.4. Enhanced drug delivery: Plasma treatment can improve the loading and release of therapeutic agents e.g., antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs from the surface of biomaterials. This can help to prevent bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, as well as promote tissue healing and integration.5. Improved mechanical properties: Plasma treatment can enhance the mechanical properties of biomaterials, such as their hardness, wear resistance, and fatigue strength. This can contribute to the overall performance and longevity of the biomaterial in a biological environment, reducing the risk of bacterial adhesion and infection.In summary, plasma treatment can enhance the biocompatibility of biomaterials and reduce bacterial adhesion by modifying their surface chemistry, topography, and mechanical properties, as well as by providing sterilization and improved drug delivery. These modifications can lead to better integration of the biomaterials within the host tissue and a reduced risk of infection.