A real-world problem that could be explained using chemical principles is the issue of air pollution, specifically the formation of smog in urban areas. Smog is a combination of various pollutants, including ground-level ozone, which is formed through a series of chemical reactions involving nitrogen oxides NOx and volatile organic compounds VOCs in the presence of sunlight.To solve this problem, we can apply our understanding of chemical reactions and kinetics. First, we need to identify the main sources of NOx and VOCs in the urban area. Common sources include vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and the use of solvents and paints. Once the sources are identified, we can develop strategies to reduce the emissions of these pollutants.One approach to reducing NOx emissions is to improve the efficiency of combustion processes in vehicles and industrial plants, which can be achieved through the use of catalytic converters and other emission control technologies. Additionally, promoting the use of alternative fuels, such as electric vehicles, can also help reduce NOx emissions.To reduce VOC emissions, we can encourage the use of low-VOC or water-based solvents and paints, as well as implement stricter regulations on industrial emissions. Furthermore, implementing public transportation systems and promoting carpooling can help decrease the overall number of vehicles on the road, thus reducing both NOx and VOC emissions.Finally, understanding the role of sunlight in the formation of ground-level ozone can help us develop strategies to reduce smog on a daily basis. For example, scheduling high-emission activities, such as refueling vehicles or using lawn equipment, during the early morning or late evening hours when sunlight is less intense can help minimize the formation of ozone.In summary, by applying chemical principles to understand the formation of smog, we can develop targeted strategies to reduce air pollution and improve air quality in urban areas.