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What is the concentration of chloride ions (Cl-) in a water sample if the measured potential difference is -0.45V using a silver/silver-chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode? The standard electrode potential for the half-cell reaction AgCl(s) + e- → Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) is 0.222V. The temperature of the sample is 25°C and the ionic strength is 0.1M.

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To determine the concentration of chloride ions  Cl-  in the water sample, we can use the Nernst equation, which relates the potential difference of a half-cell to the concentration of the ions involved in the redox reaction. The Nernst equation is given by:E = E -  RT/nF  * ln Q where:E = measured potential difference  -0.45 V E = standard electrode potential  0.222 V R = gas constant  8.314 J/molK T = temperature in Kelvin  25C + 273.15 = 298.15 K n = number of electrons transferred in the half-cell reaction  1 for Ag/AgCl F = Faraday's constant  96485 C/mol Q = reaction quotient, which is the ratio of the concentrations of products to reactants  [Cl-]/[Ag+] Since Ag s  is a solid, its concentration is not included in the reaction quotient. Also, the concentration of Ag+ is negligible compared to Cl- because AgCl is a sparingly soluble salt. Therefore, Q can be approximated as [Cl-].Now, we can rearrange the Nernst equation to solve for [Cl-]:ln [Cl-]  =  E - E  *  nF/RT [Cl-] = exp  E - E  *  nF/RT  Plugging in the given values:[Cl-] = exp  -0.45 - 0.222  *  1 * 96485 /  8.314 * 298.15   [Cl-] = exp -0.672 *  -22859.7  [Cl-]  1.07  10^-3 MTherefore, the concentration of chloride ions  Cl-  in the water sample is approximately 1.07  10^-3 M.

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