X-ray diffraction XRD is a powerful technique used to determine the crystalline structure and composition of a given sample. It works by analyzing the way X-rays interact with the atoms in the crystal lattice of the sample. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how X-ray diffraction can be utilized for this purpose:1. Preparation of the sample: The sample must be in a crystalline form, which means that its atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern. The sample is usually ground into a fine powder to ensure that it contains a large number of randomly oriented crystals.2. X-ray generation: An X-ray source, typically an X-ray tube, generates X-rays by bombarding a metal target with high-energy electrons. The X-rays produced have a specific wavelength, which is determined by the metal target used.3. X-ray interaction with the sample: The X-ray beam is directed onto the sample, and the atoms in the crystal lattice cause the X-rays to scatter in various directions. This scattering is due to the interference of the X-rays with the electron clouds surrounding the atoms.4. Detection of diffracted X-rays: A detector, usually a photographic film or a digital detector, is placed behind the sample to capture the diffracted X-rays. The detector records the intensity of the X-rays as a function of the angle at which they are scattered known as the diffraction angle .5. Analysis of the diffraction pattern: The resulting diffraction pattern is a series of spots or rings, which can be analyzed to obtain information about the crystal structure and composition of the sample. The position of the spots or rings is related to the spacing between the planes of atoms in the crystal lattice, while the intensity of the spots or rings is related to the arrangement and type of atoms present.6. Determination of the crystal structure: By analyzing the diffraction pattern, the crystal structure can be determined, including the unit cell dimensions, the positions of the atoms within the unit cell, and the symmetry of the crystal lattice.7. Identification of the composition: The intensities of the diffraction peaks can be used to determine the relative amounts of different elements present in the sample. By comparing the diffraction pattern to known patterns of pure compounds, the composition of the sample can be identified.In summary, X-ray diffraction is a powerful technique for determining the crystalline structure and composition of a given sample by analyzing the way X-rays are scattered by the atoms in the crystal lattice. The resulting diffraction pattern provides valuable information about the arrangement and type of atoms present, allowing for the identification of the crystal structure and composition.