Voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique used to determine the concentration of various elements, including heavy metals like lead, in a solution. In the case of lead, Anodic Stripping Voltammetry ASV is a popular method for quantifying its concentration in water samples. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to quantify the amount of lead in a water sample using ASV:1. Preparation of the water sample: First, collect the water sample and filter it to remove any suspended particles. If necessary, adjust the pH of the sample to a suitable range usually between 4 and 6 using appropriate buffer solutions.2. Electrode preparation: Clean the working electrode typically a glassy carbon, mercury, or bismuth film electrode by polishing it with alumina slurry and rinsing it with deionized water. Dry the electrode and assemble the three-electrode system, which includes the working electrode, a reference electrode such as Ag/AgCl , and a counter electrode usually a platinum wire .3. Deposition step: Immerse the working electrode in the water sample and apply a negative potential e.g., -1.2 V for a specific period e.g., 2-5 minutes . During this step, lead ions Pb2+ in the sample will be reduced and deposited onto the working electrode surface as metallic lead Pb .4. Stripping step: After the deposition step, perform a linear or differential pulse voltammetry scan by increasing the potential from the initial negative value to a positive value e.g., +0.6 V at a specific scan rate e.g., 50 mV/s . As the potential increases, the metallic lead deposited on the electrode surface will be oxidized back to lead ions Pb2+ , generating a current peak.5. Data analysis: Record the voltammogram and identify the peak current corresponding to the oxidation of lead. The peak current is proportional to the concentration of lead in the water sample. To determine the exact concentration, you can create a calibration curve by analyzing standard solutions with known lead concentrations and comparing their peak currents to that of the water sample.6. Quality control: To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results, perform blank measurements, spike recovery tests, and analyze certified reference materials.By following these steps, you can successfully quantify the amount of lead in a water sample using anodic stripping voltammetry.