To analyze the sample containing anionic and cationic species using capillary electrophoresis CE , follow these steps:1. Choose a suitable buffer system: Since the sample contains both anionic and cationic species, it is essential to select a buffer system that can maintain a stable pH and provide efficient separation of the species. A common buffer system for CE is the phosphate buffer, which has a buffering capacity in the pH range of 6-8. Another option is the Tris-HCl buffer, which has a buffering capacity in the pH range of 7-9.2. Optimize the electrophoresis conditions: To achieve efficient separation and detection of the species, it is crucial to optimize the electrophoresis conditions, including the buffer pH, buffer concentration, capillary length, capillary inner diameter, applied voltage, and temperature.- Buffer pH: Adjust the pH of the buffer system to a value where the anionic and cationic species have different mobilities. For example, if the anionic species have a higher mobility at a lower pH, adjust the buffer pH accordingly.- Buffer concentration: The buffer concentration should be optimized to provide sufficient buffering capacity and minimize Joule heating. A concentration of 10-50 mM is typically used in CE.- Capillary length: The capillary length should be optimized to provide sufficient separation of the species. Longer capillaries provide better separation but may require higher voltages and longer analysis times. A capillary length of 30-50 cm is commonly used.- Capillary inner diameter: A smaller capillary inner diameter provides better separation efficiency but may result in higher backpressure and longer analysis times. A capillary inner diameter of 50-75 m is typically used.- Applied voltage: The applied voltage should be optimized to provide efficient separation and minimize Joule heating. Higher voltages result in faster separation but may cause excessive heating. Voltages in the range of 10-30 kV are commonly used.- Temperature: The temperature should be optimized to provide efficient separation and minimize Joule heating. Higher temperatures may increase the separation efficiency but may also cause excessive heating. A temperature of 20-25C is typically used.3. Prepare the sample: Dilute the sample with the chosen buffer system to a suitable concentration for analysis. The sample concentration should be optimized to provide sufficient sensitivity and minimize sample overload.4. Perform the capillary electrophoresis: Inject the sample into the capillary and apply the optimized voltage. Monitor the separation of the species using a suitable detection method, such as UV-Vis absorbance, fluorescence, or mass spectrometry.5. Analyze the data: Determine the presence and concentration of each species in the sample by comparing the migration times and peak areas of the species with those of known standards. Use calibration curves to quantify the concentrations of the species in the sample.By following these steps, the chemistry student can efficiently separate and detect the anionic and cationic species in the sample using capillary electrophoresis.