achondroplasia
Whereas cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs, and phenylketonuria are all autosomal recessive disorders, achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism in humans. Achondroplasia is a result of an autosomal dominant mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor gene 3 FGFR3 , which causes an abnormality of cartilage formation. FGFR3 normally has a negative regulatory effect on bone growth. In achondroplasia, the mutated form of the receptor is constitutively active constantly turned on and this leads to severely shortened bones. Individuals with achondroplasia are heterozygous for the mutation one mutant copy, one normal copy . Homozygous for the achondroplasia mutation is lethal prior to birth or shortly after birth.