breaking and reforming
Stereoisomers Molecules with the same connectivity but different arrangements of the atoms in space are called stereoisomers. There are two types of stereoisomers: geometric and optical. Geometric isomers differ in the relative position s of substituents in a rigid molecule. For more information on stereoisomers, see Chapter 23 "The ", Section 23.4 "Coordination Compounds". Simple rotation about a CC bond in an alkene, for example, cannot occur because of the presence of the bond. The substituents are therefore rigidly locked into a particular spatial arrangement part a in Figure 2.16 "Some Simple a Alkenes, b Alkynes, and c Cyclic Hydrocarbons" . Thus a carboncarbon multiple bond, or in some cases a ring, prevents one geometric isomer from being readily converted to the other. The members of an isomeric pair are identified as either cis or trans, and interconversion between the two forms requires breaking and reforming one or more bonds. Because their structural difference causes them to have different physical and chemical properties, cis and trans isomers are actually two distinct chemical compounds.