Question

What astronomical phenomenon, formed of split asteroids or planetary rocks, provides clues about our solar system?

Answer 1

meteorites

Meteorites provide clues about our solar system. Many were formed in the early solar system   Figure below  . Some are from asteroids that have split apart. A few are rocks from nearby bodies like Mars. For this to happen, an asteroid smashed into Mars and sent up debris. A bit of the debris entered Earths atmosphere as a meteor.