ligands
The coordination sphere consists of the central metal ion or atom plus its attached ligands. Brackets in a formula enclose the coordination sphere; species outside the brackets are not part of the coordination sphere. The coordination number of the central metal ion or atom is the number of donor atoms bonded to it. The coordination number for the silver ion in [Ag NH3 2]+ is two Figure 19.14 . For the copper II ion in [CuCl4]2, the coordination number is four, whereas for the cobalt II ion in [Co H2O 6]2+ the coordination number is six. Each of these ligands is monodentate, from the Greek for one toothed, meaning that they connect with the central metal through only one atom. In this case, the number of ligands and the coordination number are equal.